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Wolf, D. Structure-energy correlation for grain boundaries in FCC metals—III. Symmetrical tilt boundaries. Acta Metall. Mater. 38, 781–790 (1990). Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix Sometimes, the sun will erupt in a solar flare, often resulting in the release of a coronal mass ejection. These violent solar eruptions can accelerate protons to high energies. Such "solar energetic particles" are pushed up to almost the speed of light as they race away from the sun, and are a radiation hazard to astronauts and passengers in high-altitude airliners. Photograph of Ernest Rutherford and Hans Geiger with their alpha particle counting apparatus. (Image credit: Science & Society Picture Library via Getty Images)