Mathieu von Rohr (May 29, 2013). " 'Bandits in Uniform': The Dark Side of GIs in Liberated France". Spiegel . Retrieved 2013-05-31. Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault, [24] while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of sexual violence. The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault, acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after a person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). [25] [26] The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" ( MST) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422). Joan Z. Spade; Catherine G. Valentine (10 December 2007). The kaleidoscope of gender: prisms, patterns, and possibilities. Pine Forge Press. ISBN 978-1-4129-5146-3 . Retrieved 1 October 2011.

Hoffman, Barbara; etal. (2016). Williams Gynecology (3rded.). McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 9780071849098. Most rape research and reports of rape are limited to male–female forms of rape. Research on male-on-male and female-on-male rape is rare. Fewer than one in ten male–male rapes are reported. As a group, males who have been raped by either gender often get little services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. Instances in which the perpetrator is female may not be clear and can lead to dismissing women as sexual aggressors, which can obscure the dimensions of the problem. Research also suggests that men with sexually aggressive peers have a higher chance of reporting coercive or forced sexual intercourse outside gang circles than men without such sexually aggressive peers. [139]Oliva, Janet R. S exually Motivated Crimes: Understanding the Profile of the Sex Offender and Applying Theory to Practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.Pg 72 The systematic rape of as many as 80,000 women by the Japanese soldiers during the six weeks of the Nanking Massacre is an example of such atrocities. [195] During World War II, an estimated 200,000 Korean and Chinese women were forced into prostitution in Japanese military brothels as so-called " comfort women". [196] French Moroccan troops, known as Goumiers, committed rapes and other war crimes after the Battle of Monte Cassino. (See Marocchinate.) [197] French women in Normandy reported rapes during the liberation of Normandy. [198] Sexual Violence and HIV". Sexual Violence Research Initiative. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18 . Retrieved 2013-02-03.

Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 21 January 2005 . Retrieved 2015-12-10. Vladutiu C.J.; etal. (2011). "College- or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: a review of program outcomes, characteristics, and recommendations". Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 12 (2): 67–86. doi: 10.1177/1524838010390708. PMID 21196436. S2CID 32144826.Ouimette PC, Riggs D (1998). "Testing a mediational model of sexually aggressive behavior in nonincarcerated perpetrators". Violence and Victims. 13 (2): 117–130. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.13.2.117. PMID 9809392. S2CID 33967482. Pinker, Steven (2003), "Chapter 19: children", in Pinker, Steven (ed.), The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature, London: Penguin Group, pp.372–399, ISBN 978-1-101-20032-2.

Oliva, Janet R. Sexually Motivated Crimes: Understanding the Profile of the Sex Offender and Applying Theory to Practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.Pg 72Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. Ungvary, Krisztian; Ladislaus Lob; John Lukacs (April 11, 2005). The siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II. Yale University Press. p.512. ISBN 978-0-300-10468-4.