Prochaska JJ, Vogel EA, Chieng A, Baiocchi M, Maglalang DD, Pajarito S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a therapeutic relational agent for reducing substance misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021 Oct 01;227:108986 [ FREE Full text] [ CrossRef] [ Medline] Schleper, C. & Nicol, G. W. Ammonia-oxidising archaea—Physiology, ecology and evolution. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 57, 1–41 (2010). Aschbrenner KA, Naslund JA, Tomlinson EF, Kinney A, Pratt SI, Brunette MF. Adolescents' use of digital technologies and preferences for mobile health coaching in public mental health settings. Front Public Health 2019 Jul 2;7:178 [ FREE Full text] [ CrossRef] [ Medline]

Kamphake, L. J., Hannah, S. A. & Cohen, J. M. Automated analysis for nitrate by hydrazine reduction. Water Res. 1, 205–216 (1967). Harrison, P. & Pearce, F. AAAS Atlas of Population & Environment 204 (University of California Press, 2000).

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Evidence-based treatments for pediatric depression and anxiety include selective serotonin and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSRI, SNRI) medications and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), used separately or in combination [ 11- 13]. Yet, few teens receive treatment with these therapies [ 13]. CBT is typically provided through a series of face-to-face interactions with a trained therapist over several months and is often preferred by families over medication [ 3, 14]. However, CBT is seldom used due to pervasive and persistent problems with access, cost, and stigma [ 15- 18]. Internet and mobile health (mHealth) interventions reduce these barriers to utilization and are acceptable and effective alternatives to live CBT for the treatment of depression and anxiety in adults [ 19]. Conversational agents or “chatbots” that deliver CBT via a text-based, semiautomated algorithm are known to reduce mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms in nonclinical populations [ 17, 20- 23]. However, few have been evaluated in clinical populations, with scarce rigorous study in youth [ 21, 24, 25]. Griffiths, R. I., Whiteley, A. S., O’Donnell, A. G. & Bailey, M. J. Rapid method for coextraction of DNA and RNA from natural environments for analysis of ribosomal DNA- and rRNA-based microbial community composition. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 5488–5491 (2000). Wu, J., Joergensen, R. G., Pommerening, B., Chaussod, R. & Brookes, P. C. Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation-extraction—An automated procedure. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22, 1167–1169 (1990). Nitrification plays a key role in nitrogen (N) loss processes, as the gatekeeper between internal soil N cycling and external loss by nitrate (NO 3 −) leaching to groundwater and nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions via nitrification and denitrification 1. Nitrification has traditionally been considered a two-step process consisting of ammonia oxidation, followed by nitrite oxidation to form NO 3 −. Ammonia oxidation, the limiting step of nitrification, is performed by bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers, which convert ammonium (NH 4 +) to nitrite 2, 3. Nitrifying bacteria from the genus Nitrospira species that are able to oxidise ammonia to NO 3 − in a single step (‘comammox’) have also been recently identified in engineered and natural systems 4, 5, 6, however their abundance and activity in agricultural soils currently appears limited 7, 8. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) belong to the beta- and gamma-subclasses of Proteobacteria, while ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) belong to the phylum Thaumarchaeota 9, 10. Both AOA and AOB express functionally similar genes for the primary enzyme catalysing ammonia oxidation, ammonia monooxygenase ( amoA) 9, 11. However, bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers differ in their genetics, physiologies and metabolic processes, so are likely to differ in their adaptations to biotic and abiotic soil conditions (i.e. niche specialization) and utilization of resources (i.e. niche differentiation) 2, 12. Schueller SM, Kwasny MJ, Dear BF, Titov N, Mohr DC. Cut points on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) that predict response to cognitive-behavioral treatments for depression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015;37(5):470-475 [ FREE Full text] [ CrossRef] [ Medline]

Recent studies have provided strong evidence of a major role for organisms within the domain Archaea in the global nitrogen cycle, oxidising ammonia to nitrite in the first stage of nitrification ( Francis et al., 2007; Prosser and Nicol, 2008). Metagenomic studies first revealed that soil and marine thaumarchaea possess homologues of bacterial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase ( Venter et al., 2004; Treusch et al., 2005), which oxidises ammonia to hydroxylamine, before its conversion to nitrite. Laboratory cultivation subsequently confirmed the existence of an autotrophic, ammonia-oxidising metabolism within the domain Archaea ( Könneke et al., 2005). Quantification of the functional marker gene encoding ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA) indicates that putative ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) are generally more abundant than putative ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) in soil (for example, Leininger et al., 2006; He et al., 2007; Nicol et al., 2008). However, potential differences in cell size, specific cell activity and other physiological characteristics make it difficult to assess accurately the relative contributions of these two groups to soil nitrification. AOA and AOB may be active under the same conditions with both groups competing directly, there may be functional redundancy or fundamental physiological differences may result in distinct ecological niches. Ginger Nicol, Ruoyun Wang, Sharon Graham, Sherry Dodd, Jane Garbutt. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 22.11.2022.

Garbutt J, Dodd S, Rook S, Graham S, Wang R, Sterkel R, et al. Improving follow-up for adolescents with depression in primary care. Pediatrics 2022 Jun 01;149(6):2021. [ CrossRef] [ Medline] Transcripts were analyzed using an inductive coding approach based on pragmatic-variant grounded theory [ 56]. Authors JG and GN independently reviewed interview transcripts for emergent themes in PCP perspectives on the use of mobile applications to augment physical and mental health care.

Nicol GW, Leininger S, Schleper C, Prosser JI . (2008). The influence of soil pH on the diversity, abundance and transcriptional activity of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria. Environ Microbiol 10: 2966–2978. He J-Z, Shen J-P, Zhang L-M, Zhu Y-G, Zheng Y-M, Xu M-G et al. (2007). Quantitative analyses of the abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of a Chinese upland red soil under long-term fertilization practices. Environ Microbiol 9: 2364–2374. Wessén, E., Nyberg, K., Jansson, J. K. & Hallin, S. Responses of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers to soil organic and fertilizer amendments under long-term management. Appl. Soil Ecol. 45, 193–200 (2010). Di HJ, Cameron KC, Shen JP, Winefield CS, O’Callaghan M, Bowatte S et al. (2009). Nitrification driven by bacteria and not archaea in nitrogen-rich grassland soils. Nat Geosci 2: 621–624. Emigration to New Zealand followed in the footsteps of the European explorers, such as Captain Cook (1769-70): first came sealers, whalers, missionaries, and traders. By 1838, the British New Zealand Company had begun buying land from the Maori tribes, and selling it to settlers, and, after the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, many British families set out on the arduous six month journey from Britain to Aotearoa to start a new life. Early immigrants include:Francis, C. A., Roberts, K. J., Beman, J. M., Santoro, A. E. & Oakley, B. B. Ubiquity and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in water columns and sediments of the ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 14683–14688 (2005). Gubry-Rangin, C., Nicol, G. W. & Prosser, J. I. Archaea rather than bacteria control nitrification in two agricultural acidic soils. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 74, 566–574 (2010). William Nicol FRSE (1770-1851), Scottish geologist and physicist who invented the Nicol prism in 1828

The surname Nicol was first found in Cheshire, where Nicholas D'Albini, who was of the junior line of the Dukes of D'Albini in Normandy, settled in 1054, and his successor William became Baron of Malpas. Waleram Nicholai was listed in Suffolk in 1198 and Nicholaus was listed in Lincolnshire in 1147-1166. [1] By the Hundredorum Rolls of 1273, the name was scattered as seen by: William filius Nicoll in Shropshire; and John Nicole and Stephen Nichole in Oxfordshire. [2]

Wang, C. et al. Climate change amplifies gross nitrogen turnover in montane grasslands of Central Europe in both summer and winter seasons. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 2963–2978 (2016). Beman JM, Popp BN, Francis CA . (2008). Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine Crenarchaeota in the Gulf of California. ISME J 2: 429–441.