Gale, N. et al. Changes in biomarkers after 180 days of tobacco heating product use: A randomised trial. Intern. Emerg. Med. 16, 2201–2212 (2021). Baker, R. R., Massey, E. D. & Smith, G. An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42(Suppl), S53-83 (2004). Focal brain dysfunction: Symptoms that are likely to relate to focal brain dysfunction include phenomena such as “aura” (zig-zags or flashing lights, a part of the vision missing, speech disturbance or numbness / weakness spreading slowly along one side of the body). Camphor, which is in many nasal decongestants, can be poisonous if you accidentally ingest it. It can also cause an upset stomach and mouth irritation if used in excess.

Heng, MCY. Local necrosis and interstitial nephritis due to topical methyl salicylate and menthol. Cutis 1987;39:442-4. It can be used as a catalyst for sodium production for the amateur chemist via the alcohol catalysed magnesium reduction process. [22] iGesic Ointment (IKOP Sdn Bhd). National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency - Ministry of Health Malaysia. https://www.npra.gov.my/. Accessed 10/09/2020. Goldenson, N. I., Fearon, I. M., Buchhalter, A. R. & Henningfield, J. E. An open-label, randomized, controlled, crossover study to assess nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of the JUUL system with three nicotine concentrations relative to combustible cigarettes in adult smokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 23, 947–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab001 (2021). Another commercial process is the Haarmann–Reimer process (after the company Haarmann & Reimer, now part of Symrise) [16] This process starts from m-cresol which is alkylated with propene to thymol. This compound is hydrogenated in the next step. Racemic menthol is isolated by fractional distillation. The enantiomers are separated by chiral resolution in reaction with methyl benzoate, selective crystallisation followed by hydrolysis.The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1 R,2 S,5 R) configuration. Menthol has local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities, and it is widely used to relieve minor throat irritation. Menthol also acts as a weak κ-opioid receptor agonist.

Menthol is an organic compound, more specifically a monoterpenoid, made synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints. It is a waxy, clear or white crystalline substance, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above. For migraine, the commonest reason that people remain unwell is that they are taking too much caffeine and too many painkillers. Our experience shows that introduction of a good “foundation” of lifestyle will help approximately 40% of patients improve significantly, where this is all the treatment they need. Henderson, B. J.; Wall, T. R.; Henley, B. M.; Kim, C. H.; Nichols, W. A.; Moaddel, R.; Xiao, C.; Lester, H. A. (2016). "Menthol Alone Upregulates Midbrain nAChRs, Alters nAChR Subtype Stoichiometry, Alters Dopamine Neuron Firing Frequency, and Prevents Nicotine Reward". J. Neurosci. 36 (10): 2957–2974. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4194-15.2016. PMC 4783498. PMID 26961950.

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Galeotti, N.; Mannelli, L. D. C.; Mazzanti, G.; Bartolini, A.; Ghelardini, C.; Di Cesare, Mannelli (2002). "Menthol: a natural analgesic compound". Neurosci. Lett. 322 (3): 145–148. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02527-7. PMID 11897159. S2CID 33979563.

Natural menthol is obtained by freezing peppermint oil. The resultant crystals of menthol are then separated by filtration.International Organization for Standardization. ISO 20778:2018. Cigarettes—Routine Analytical Cigarette Smoking Machine—Definitions and Standard Conditions with an Intense Smoking Regime. (2018). Smith, M. R. et al. Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 1: Description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 81(Suppl 2), S17-s26 (2016).